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| Theorist | Goal of Nursing | Framework for practice |
|---|---|---|
| Hildegard Peplau (1952) | To develop interpersonal interaction between client and nurse | Interpersonal theoretical model emphasizing relationship between client and nurse |
| Faye Abdellah (1960) | To deliver nursing care for whole individual | Problem solving based on 21 nursing problems |
| Virginia Henderson (1964) | To help client gain independence as rapidly as possible | Henderson’s 14 basic needs |
| Joyce Travelbee (1966) | To help client and family to cope with and find meaning in experience of illness | Interpersonal theory emphasizing nurse-client relationship |
| Dorothy Johnson (1968) | To reduce stress so that client can recover as quickly as possible | Adaptation model based on seven behavioral sub-systems |
| Martha Rogers (1970) | To help client achieve maximal level of wellness | “Unitary man” evolving along life process |
| Imogene King (1971) | To use communication to help client to reestablish positive adaptation to environment | Nursing process as dynamic interpersonal state between nurse and client |
| Dorothea Orem (1971) | To care for and help client to attain self-care | Self-care deficit theory |
| Betty Neuman (1972) | To assist individuals, families, and groups to attain and maintain maximal level of total wellness by purposeful interventions | Systems model of nursing practice having stress reduction as its goal; nursing actions in one of three levels: primary, secondary, or tertiary |
| Myra Levine (1973) | To use conservation activities aimed at optimal use of client’s resources | Adaptation model of human as integrated whole based on “four conservation principles of nursing” |
| Sister Callista Roy (1976) | To identify types o demands placed on client and client’s adaptation to them | Adaptation model based on four adaptive modes; physiological, psychological, sociological, and independence |
| Jean Watson (1979) | To promote health, restore clients to health, and prevent illness (Marriner-Tomey, 1989) | Philosophy and science of caring: caring is an interpersonal process comprising interventions that result in meeting human needs (Torres, 1986) |
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The above summary of theories is note-worthy!
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